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General Glossary
Absolute
Alcoholic extraction of a concrete to remove waxes and most odorless materials,
producing an alcohol-soluble liquid or semi-liquid oil.
Alcohol Extract
Concentrated herbal tinctures. Alcohol is used as a solvent to extract herbal compounds.
Acid
This is a solution having a pH of less than seven.
Anhydrous
Produced without water; a combination of extraction of raw material and molecular distillation.
Arispice
Oeloresin or Hydrospice plated on a dry carrier.
Adulterate
To make impure by the addition of an inferior substance.
Alkali
An alkali is a substance with a pH greater than 7. Sodium hydroxide
is an example of an alkali, or base used to neutralize an acid to make soap.
Attar
Used to describe the steam distillation of Rose petals "Rose Otto". Also an Indian term for the material obtained from the co-distillation of Rose & Sandalwood.
Balsam
Water insoluble, semi-solid or viscous, resinous exudate of trees and bushes similar to gum resins.
Bergaptene Free
Top & bottom note terpenes, "bergaptenes" in Bergamot are removed through re-distillation to prevent UV skin sensitivity caused by bergaptenes applied to the skin & exposed to the sun.
Bleached
An oil that has been filtered with acidified clays, removing color pigments & some aromatic substances.
Cold Pressed
A pressing process of extractio for citrus & fixed oils with minimized heat & deterioration.
Concrete
Extraction of fresh natural plant materials, usually with non-polar organic
solvents (e.g. hexane) which yield, after removal of the solvent by vacuum distillation, a solid or semi-solid wax.
Distillate Water
Otherwise known as floral water or hyrosol, the by-product of steam distillation.
Distillation (Fractional)
A heat-dependent process for separation and purification of a liquid mixture
based on differences in vapor pressure of components of the mixture. The process involves vaporization
of the more volatile component(s) and then condensation of the vapor back to a liquid.
Deodorized
Refers to the process of removing unwanted fragrance of flavor materials from a botanical product.
Expeller Pressed
Produced by machine pressing, normally around 140 to 210 degrees Farenheit.
Essence Oil
An oil collected in the water distillate during the production and concentration
of fruit juices. Upon separation from the water, the remaining oil contains the highly volatile top notes of
natural juice.
Essential Oil
Volatile oils, typically fragrant, which are extracted from botanicals using steam distillation. Essential Oils are normally liquid, but in some cases, such as Anise, may be solid, depending on temperature. For commercial purposes expressed oils such as Orange are indentified as Essential Oils, while they technically are not.
Expression
A production method used to obtain citrus oils and fruit juices. The expressed or cold pressed essential oils are obtained from the peels of the fruits. Expression yields essential oils which can contain a certain amount of non-volatile material. Juices are produced by expression of the fruit itself, often concentrated.
Extraction
A process of treating a natural raw material with an organic solvent. The solvent portion containing the extracted material is filtered and the solvent removed. The extract will contain non- volatile as well as volatile components. Oleoresins, resinoids, concretes, and absolutes are all produced by extraction
Exudate
This term is used for a substance that prevents or combats hemorrhage or bleeding.
Antihistamine
Non-cellular, natural raw material that is secreted by plants, either spontaneously or after wounding.
Examples - Balsam Peru, Balsam Copaiba, etc.
FDA Approved
Apprived by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States.
FCC
Food Chemicals Codex, the indusrty-standard listing of food-grade ingredients; indicates materials safe for use in food and cosmetics.
Fixative
A material which slows down the rate of evaporation of the more volatile components in perfume comosition and natural product formulation.
Fixed Oils
Non-volatile oils derived from plant materials, commnly referred to as vegetable oils.
Folded Oil
An essential oil which is concentrated by distillation. Example - removal of terpenes from citrus oils.
Gum
A water soluble exudate consisting mainly of polysaccharides and used principally as a thickener and as a spray-dried carrier in the manufacture of water soluble fragrance and flavor compounds (Gum Arabic, Agar, etc.)
Gum Resin Absolute
Oil soluble, purified exudate consisting mostly of resinous constituents, gums and small amounts of volatile components (Myrrh, Galbanum, Opoponax).
Hydrosol
Otherwise known as floral water or distillate water, the by-product of steam distillation.
Hydrospice
Water dispersible form of an oleresin.
Isolate
Seperation of an aroma chemical from an Essential Oil via distillation (mechanically) or hydrolysis (chemically), or by other partitioning methods. Example; eugenol from Clove Leaf Oil.
Natural
Contains only natural ingredients.
Natural & Artificial
Contains both natural and artifical ingredients.
Nature Identical
A component, natural or artificial, which has chemical structure identical to that found in nature.
Oleresin
Extraction, usually of natural spice or flavoring materials, using selected solvents to remove the vital components. An oleresin will contain the Essential Oil plus other important non-volatile components which characterize the flavor, color and other aspects of the starting raw material.
Reco
Reconstituted from natural or snthetic materials.
Rectification
A second distillation of an essential oil to remove color, water, resinous matter and perhaps unwanted top and bottom notes.
Refined
A material that has been processed to remove impurities from the natural, crude botanical.
Resinoid
Solid or semi-sokid material, prepared from exudantes by extraction and purification with a solvent. These products are similar to concretes, except that the strating materials are not previously live, cellular tissue.
Resin
This group of exudates includes both gums and balsams. They are water insoluble, solid or semi-solid, and formed in nature by the oxidation of terpenes.
SHU
"Scoville Heat Unit", unit of measure of the degree of heat of capsicum. Named after Mr. Scoville.
Sesquiterpeneless
Essential Oils which have the sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons partially or completely removed to:
1. improve solubility in diluted alcohol or food grade solvents,
2. improve odor and flavor of the essential oil,
3. lift the overall fragrance and flavor, since sesquiterpenes have a fixative effect.
Terpene
Fraction of an essential oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons, obtained as a byproduct from either concentration of distillation of the oil.
Terpeneless
Complete or partial removal of monoterpenic or hydrocarbons by distillation of an Essential Oil to:
1. improve solubility in diluted alcohol or food grade solvents.
2. increase stability of the oil and prevent the appearance of rancid notes.
Tincture
An alcoholic extraction with the solvent left in as a dilutant.
Unrefined
The crude, natural or virgin first pressing of a botanical.
Water Miscible / Dispersible
Can be unifromly mixed with water.
Water Soluble
Can be disolved in water.
Wax
A low melting organic mixture or compund of high molecular weight, solid at room temperature and generally similar in compostition to fats and oils except that it contains no glycerides.
Winterized
Cold-filtered process removing waxes & stearines which cause cludiness when temperatures drop.
Wonf
An Essential Oil or flavor "with other natural flavors" added to enhance specific notes.
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Ingredients